APA References List

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Print Sources

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An APA paper ends with a formal list of research sources. Every item appearing in your citations must be included. Sources of all types are listed together, arranged in alphabetical order according to the first letter of each entry.

Entries are double-spaced. The first line of each entry begins at the left-hand margin, while the following lines are indented. (To arrange these lines, access your word processor’s Hanging Indent feature in the Format Paragraph menu.)

When naming authors or editors in APA format, give the initial(s) and last name only.

Heading for this list is:                                References
                                                      (Centre it at the top of the page.)

Basic Format for a Journal Article:

 

• Article titles appear with only the first word capitalized. Note that quotation marks are not used.
• Journal title and the volume number appear in italics (or underlined).
• The model above indicates that this journal's page numbers run continuously through all the issues of the year. In cases where the numbering begins at 1 in each issue, the issue number is given in parentheses (not in italics) immediately after the volume number.

Basic Format for a Book:

• If the book is a 2nd edition, revised edition, etc. this is abbreviated after the title. (See models that follow.)
• If the city is very well known, give its name only; in all other cases, abbreviate the state, province or country.

Some Common Variations

A work by two authors (An ampersand is used to represent "and"; note that the issue number is included in this example, in parentheses following the volume number)

Smith, B., & Habib, M. (1993). Treatment for physically abused
	children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(3), 24-28.

A work by many authors (If there are more than six authors, name only the first six and add "et al.")

Ling, T., Sokolov, B. J., Wilson, A. H., Stein, T., & Horst, K. L. (1997).
	Gender differences in Samoan culture. Journal of Social Psychology, 55(9), 113-121.

A magazine article (The month is given for a monthly magazine, full date for a weekly publication)

McKnight, L. D. (1989, October). A new perspective on dreams.
	Mind Magazine, 89, 56-70.

A newspaper article (Full date is given for a daily or weekly paper; "pp." precedes page numbers)

Black, N. (2001, July 18). Self-image affects social status. The New
	York Times, pp. D1, D4.

Book or pamphlet written by an organization (i.e. no individual author is named)

Ohio Anti-Poverty Coalition. (1999). Single mothers and the welfare
	system. Dayton, OH: Buckeye Press.

A work written and published by the same organization ("Author" appears in place of publisher)

The Taylor Institute. (2002). Video violence and teenagers (2nd
	ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

An encyclopedia article (If unsigned, the article heading appears first, followed by the year)

Silverson, B. J. (1997). Psychoanalysis. In Encyclopaedia
	Britannica Macropaedia (Vol. 24, pp. 351-560). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Essay or article in an edited book (Actual author is named first; editor or editors are named later)

Hernandez, L. (1995). Mechanisms of the short-term memory. In E.
	H. Nguyen & R. Sakos (Eds.), Splendors of the mind (pp. 221-128). Sacramento, CA: Republic Books.

Government publication (Catalogue number is included, if any. In this example, the government agency is cited as both author and publisher)

Health Canada. (2002). A report on mental illness in Canada
	(Cat. No. 0-662-32817-5). Ottawa, ON: Author.

Internet Sources

Click here for a printer-ready version of this section in Word format

An APA paper ends with a formal list of research sources. Every item appearing in your citations must be included. Sources of all types are listed together, arranged in alphabetical order according to the first letter of each entry.

Entries are double-spaced. The first line of each entry begins at the left-hand margin, while the following lines are indented. (To arrange these lines, access your word processor’s Hanging Indent feature in the Format Paragraph menu.)

Heading for this list is: References (Centre it at the top of the page.)

Many format variations exist to deal with Web site material, which often has no specified author or posting date. In the APA system, emphasis is on identifying the actual document-not the Web site-and on providing the reader with the complete Internet address. (Articles accessed through databases and Internet journals require special formats which are shown on the back of this sheet.)

In the case of information from a Web site, the following items are usually included in this order:

1. Author(s) or organization acting as 'author' (if given)
2. Date of the material (if given)
3. Document title
4. Downloading date
5. Internet address

Typical example:

World Health Organization. (2001). Diagnosing chronic depression. Retrieved November 25, 2002, from http://www.who.org/healthmonitor/depr.html

In this example, no individual author was named, so an organization is cited instead. The document was dated 2001, so that is included in parentheses. The document title is given in italics, followed by the exact downloading date and the complete Internet address.

Notes:

• The actual name of the Web site is not required
• In document titles only the first word is capitalized.
• The word "Retrieved" is used when giving the date that you downloaded the material
• If the Internet address does not fit on one line, split it (after a slash or before a period)
• No period is used at the end of the entry when it closes with an Internet address
• In special cases, other information may be required in the entry (See models on the back)

WEB SITE INFORMATION: COMMON VARIATIONS

An undated Internet document (the initials n.d. in parentheses indicate "no date")

Smith, K. R. (n.d.). The bipolar personality. Retrieved October 2,
	2002, from http://www .healthforum.com/pers/bipol/gh

A document with no author named and no organization that can be cited as 'author' (document title comes first, followed by the date)

Interpreting bad dreams. (1999). Retrieved May 10, 2002, from
	http://www.dreamscapes.org/interp/baddr

A document with authors identified, and in addition, an organization responsible for the Web site (the organization-e.g. a university or gov't agency-may be named as part of the retrieval information)

Wilson, J.B. & Harris, H. (2001). Freud on early childhood. Retreived
	July 7, 2002, from Ohio State University Web site: http://ohiostateuniv.edu/psychdept/freud~ch/html

When a long document has subheadings, a particular section may be cited as shown below-section heading in plain type, followed by the title of the entire document in italics

Aziz, M. (1997). Anorexia nervosa. In Teenagers and eating
	disorders. Retrieved March 9, 2002, from http://teenhelp.org/psych/eating/6fgh

ELECTRONIC VERSIONS OF PUBLISHED ARTICLES

A previously published article taken from a Web site

Nguyen, V. N. (1997). Understanding preteen anger. Journal of
	Adolescent Behavior, 54, 301-308. Retrieved January 11, 2002, from http://jab.org/articles/upa. html

A previously published article accessed through a database (such as ProQuest)

Cohen, H. (1998). Recognizing dyslexia in preschoolers. Journal of
	Childhood Learning, 45, 112-120. Retrieved February 28, 2002, from ProQuest database.

INTERNET MAGAZINE / JOURNAL ARTICLES

An article in an Internet journal or magazine with no print version

Fernandez, J. A. (2001, March 6). Cultivating positive emotions. The
	Internet Journal of Mental Health, 9. Retrieved April 19, 2002, from
	http://chmo.org/ijmh/vol9/009000a.html

Source: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2001.

Click here for a printer-ready version of this section in Word format

An APA paper ends with a formal list of research sources. Every item appearing in your citations must be included.  Sources of all types are listed together, arranged in alphabetical order according to the first letter of each entry. 

Entries are double-spaced. The first line of each entry begins at the left-hand margin, while the following lines are indented. (To arrange these lines, access your word processor’s Hanging Indent feature in the Format Paragraph menu.)

Heading for this list is:                                References         (Centre it at the top of the page.)

In the APA system, emphasis is on identifying the actual document and composer/performer.

 Basic Format for a Recording:

·          Song titles and album titles appear with only the first word capitalized. Note that quotation marks are not used.

·          Album title appears in italics (or underlined).

If you are citing a typical recording you may be able to follow this pattern:

 Jobim, C. (1974). Corcovado. On Elis & Tom [LP]. New York: Universal Music Group.

If you are citing a rerecording by artist other than writer:

Cohen, L. (2004). Hallelujah [Recorded by K.D. Lang]. On Hymns of the 49th Parallel [CD]. London: Nonesuch Records, 2004.

In text citations, include side (for LPs), band (for tapes) or track numbers (for CDs or DVDs):

 “Hallelujah” (Cohen, 2004, track 5).